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Navigation

• FOREWORD
• INTRODUCTION
• 1. SUN ENERGY AND ITS POTENTIAL
• 1.1. General remarks
• 1.2. Solar radiation: An outline
• 1.3. Radiation balance of the Kola Peninsula
• 1.4. Sunshine durations
• 1.5. Prospective uses of solar energy on the Kola
• 2. WIND ENERGY
• 2.1. Average wind speeds
• 2.2 Wind speed and direction frequency
• 2.3. Maximum wind speeds
• 2.4. Technical wind energy resources of the region
• 2.5 Types of wind power installations
• 2.6. Wind energy application trends
• 2.7. Feasible sites for wind parks
• 2.8. Technical and economic peculiarities of opera
• 3. SMALL RIVER ENERGY
• 3.1. A general evaluation of the region’s hydroene
• 3.2. Hydroelectric power plants in operation on th
• 3.3. Hydroenergy potential of small rivers
• 3.4. First priority river sites for the constructi
• 3.5. Small hydroelectric power plants for remote a
• 4. TIDAL ENERGY
• 4.1. Tidal energy’s distinctive features
• 4.2. Recommended TPP sites and their energy potent
• 4.3. Readiness levels for the technical applicatio
• 4.4. Environmental aspects of application of tidal
• 4.5. Tidal energy application prospects: A general
• 5. WAVE ENERGY
• 5.1. General information on utilizing the energy o
• 5.2. Energy of surface waves.
• 5.3. Undulation’s renewable energy
• 5.4. A brief outline of main types of wave energy
• 5.5. Technical resources of ocean surface wave en
• 6. BIOENERGY RESOURCES
• 6.1. Utilization of biodegradable wastes from live
• 6.2. Evaluating bioenergy resources: Background da
• 6.3. Energy potential of fuel production with anae
• 6.4. Effects gained from application of anaerobic
• 6.5. Prospects of application of lumber wastes
• CONCLUSION
• CITED LITERATURE

2. WIND ENERGY

A description of wind as an energy source will require a combination of aerological and energy characteristics of wind unified into a concept of wind power cadastre. These cadastral characteristics include [5,13]: average annual wind speed; annual and daily wind cycle; recurrence rate of wind speeds; recurrence rate of wind directions; maximum wind speed; specific wind intensity and specific wind power; and wind power resources of a particular area.

The main source of initial data to be compiled into a wind power cadastre is observations of wind speeds carried out by the basic network of a weather service. These observations, performed several times throughout the day, cover periods of time spanning over decades and therefore represent ample factual material. The advantage offered by such surveys is that they are conducted using a globally accepted array of methods, while the surveillance sites fall into specific categories according to the particular degree to which each can be viewed as an open-air area.