Fact sheet - CCS

New report on the Tampen leakage
EU ready to put money down on CSS

05/02-2009

A fact sheet telling you the basics of CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is given below.

You can also download this fact sheet as a pdf file

« Introduction	« CO₂ capture
« CO₂ transport	« CO₂ storage
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Introduction

CO₂ capture and storage (CCS) is a common term for the capture, transport and safe storage of CO₂. The use of CCS, combined with a large scale effort to promote energy efficiency, and increased use of renewable energy sources, is a prerequisite to combat global warming.

CO₂ capture

Due to practical and economic reasons, capture of CO₂ is only viable for large point sources, such as fossil-fuel based power plants and large industrial installations. Usually, the flue gas from such sources has a low CO₂ content, and the CO₂ have to be separated from the rest of the flue gas before CO₂ can be deposited.

There are a number of technologies available for capturing CO₂. The post-combustion CO₂ capture technology can be added to existing plants to clean CO₂ from their flue gas. For new power plants, the cleaning process of the CO₂ could be integrated into the power production. The CO₂ capture technologies are usually divided into three main-categories:

Post-combustion CO₂ capture
Pre-combustion CO₂ capture
Oxy-fuel combustion with CO₂ capture

Post-combustion capture means end-of-pipe separation of the CO₂ from the flue gas. To do this, chemical cleaning through the use of an absorbent is most common process. An absorbent is a chemical substance, such as amines or carbonates that attracts CO₂. The absorbent is cooled down before it is brought into contact with the flue gas. CO₂ will then be attached to the absorbent. In a second process, the liquid solution of absorbent combined with CO₂ is heated to release concentrated CO₂ and regenerate the absorbent. Approximately 80 to 90 percent of the CO₂ can be captured using post-combustion technologies.

In pre-combustion CO₂ capture the CO₂ is removed from the fuel prior to combustion. The process is carried out in a traditional steam reformer where the fuel is converted to hydrogen (H₂) and carbon monoxide (CO). Then, the CO-gas and steam is converted into H₂ and CO₂. Finally, the H₂ and CO₂-gas is separated in the same way as when cleaning flue gas, however a smaller installation is necessary. The remaining H₂ can be used as fuel for power plants or vehicles. Using pre-combustion CO₂ capture, around 90 percent of the CO₂ can be removed.

Under oxy-fuel combustion, the exact amount of oxygen is added during combustion instead of air. The oxygen must be separated from air before the combustion starts, and the flue gas then contains only CO₂ and steam. The steam is separated from the flue gas through condensation, thus pure CO₂ remains. 100 percent of the CO₂ can be removed using oxy-fuel combustion.

Figure 1. Installation for post-combustion capture of CO₂ from flue gas.

CO₂ Transportation

Transportation of CO₂ from source to storage site can be carried out through pipelines or by ships. The CO₂ is compressed into dense phase where the gas behaves like a liquid prior to pipeline transport. Transportation by ship requires compression and/or cooling of the CO₂.

CO₂ storage

The deposit of CO₂ in geological formations is mainly done in depleted oil- and gas-reservoirs and subsurface aquifers (geological formations containing water). There is a large storage potential in geological formations both onshore and offshore worldwide.

Some theories concerning storing CO₂ at the bottom of the sea have been put forth. However, this is not safe and is no longer an option for CO₂ storage.

Norway is one of the countries with a large storage capacity. A study carried out by the European Commission in 1996 demonstrated that two thirds of the total European storage capacity, i.e. more than 450 billion tonnes, can be found on the Norwegian shelf. An additional 10.3 billion tonnes can be deposited in depleted oil and gas reservoirs. In comparison; the current CO2 emissions in the EU are approximately 4 billion tonnes per annum.

CO₂ needs to be stored about 800 meters underground, as the pressure then makes CO₂ stabile in the dense (i.e. liquid-like) phase.

It is critical that each CO₂ storage site is chosen carefully, to ensure safe storage. Several international processes are initiated, to identify necessary criteria and procedures for injection and storage of CO₂.

One of the best examples of CO₂ storage is the Utsira formation in the North Sea. As the natural gas in the nearby Sleipner oil field contains a higher percentage of CO₂ than what is permitted as per sales specifics, the CO₂ is separated from the flue gas and deposited in the Utsira formation. The CO₂ injection started in 1996, and more than 10 million tonnes of CO₂ has been stored without any indications of leakages.

Figure 2. Storage of CO₂.

CO2 for Enhanced Oil Recovery

A cost-efficient strategy for storage of CO₂ is using the CO₂ for Enhanced Oil Recovery, EOR. Injected CO₂ will reduce the viscosity of the oil still inside the reservoir, thus CO₂ injected (natural gas or water can also be used) can ensure increased oil production, thereby prolonging the field lifespan. This technique is well tested in e.g. The United States.

Similarly, as under EOR, CO₂ can be injected into gas fields to increase gas production. This is referred to as Enhanced Gas Recovery, EGR. Additionally, CO₂ can be injected into deep unmineable coal mines, to increase methane production, as methane is naturally found alongside of coal in geological formations. This is called Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery, ECBM.

Such uses of CO₂ give CO₂ a financial value for oil, gas and coal companies. Consequently, it could be a contribution towards ensuring profitability in infrastructural development for CO₂ storage.