BEST

To continue its effort and ensure rapid deployment of environmentally sound CCS, Bellona has launched the Bellona Environmental CCS Team, - BEST, a partnership with leading European energy and technology companies. Bellona`s experience shows that the three keys to success in driving the political decision-making process forwards are: partnership with progressive industrial players, knowledge-leadership and political leadership. The Bellona Environmental CCS Team (BEST) will develop activities in all three areas. Key elements of the program are: The creation of national roadmaps for CCS deployment, an analysis program to provide knowledge-leadership within key scientific aspects of CCS and public awareness-raising.

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Introduction to BEST

CCS – the new tool in combating global warming
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the new tool for combating global warming that we didn’t have in Kyoto in 1997. Across the world, business, politicians, researchers, NGOs and the public are realizing that CCS can be instrumental in achieving the level of cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions that we need to avoid dangerous global warming. And as the recent adoption of the Energy and Climate package of the EU in December 2008 shows, political leaders are getting serious about cutting emissions. The European Parliament has suggested a target of reducing emissions by 80 percent in 2050, a target echoed across the Atlantic by President Obama. Positive signs, for sure, but the job has just begun.

Achieving this level of emission cuts will require a tremendous effort in transforming the economy into a low carbon economy. This can happen quickly enough only through a combination of an unprecedented increase in energy efficiency, massive deployment of renewable energy technologies, and accelerated deployment of CCS technology across the world. These technical solutions exist; the challenge is making the political and industrial decision-making process more efficient.

Why CCS
Enhanced energy efficiency and increased renewable energy production are the two main strategies to combat global warming, but the potential for huge GHG emissions from these two strategies within short time is limited. The International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has suggested that global GHG emissions must be cut with up to 85 percent by 2050, a target that is unachievable without CCS as an additional strategy.

The challenges related to CCS deployment are, however, substantial:

• The technology must be improved to reduce energy penalty and thereby the CCS cost.
• Models and guidelines must be established to ensure safe CO₂ storage
• CCS must be included in national and international regulations
• Strategies for public communication must be established to ensure that the public support CCS and that decision makers have the information and knowledge that they need to make the right decisions

CCS is regarded as the bridge to the future of renewable energy, and successful deployment of CCS is a prerequisite to avoid the most dramatic consequences of global warming. This can only be achieved by bold decision for industrial and political leaders to overcome the challenges listed above.

Why CCS brochure (PDF).

An efficient political and industrial decision-making process
Through the European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP), Bellona has played an active role in creating the political and industrial momentum to accelerate the introduction of CCS technologies. The experience from ZEP shows that the political and industrial decision-making process can be made remarkably efficient when fuelled by a constructive and inclusive advisory process.

An example is the ZEP proposal for an EU demonstration program for CCS, presented at the ZEP General Assembly in November 2008. The proposal clearly identified the specific needs for scaling-up different CCS technologies with regard to capture, transportation and storage of CO2, as well as proposals for how the program ought to be funded. In December 2008, the EU law makers went a long way to follow the proposal, adopting an unprecedented funding mechanism for the EU CCS Demonstration program as part of the revised ETS Directive. This funding mechanism will allow for the construction of up to twelve demonstration CCS plants by 2015. The program is likely to become the first European Industrial Initiative, under the EU’s SET Plan (Strategic Energy Technology Plan).

Implementing CCS in the power and heavy industry sectors is crucial if the EU is to achieve large CO2 emission reductions. Over the next five years, the EU CCS demonstration program will provide valuable experience, knowledge and competence with a view to preparing the wider implementation and deployment of CCS throughout Europe and the world at large.

The Bellona Environmental CCS Team - BEST
Since 1993, Bellona has been a key player in driving the CCS agenda forward, in Norway, Europe and beyond. To continue this effort and ensure rapid deployment of environmentally sound CCS, Bellona is now launching the Bellona Environmental CCS Team - BEST, a partnership with leading European energy and technology companies that will run until 2014.

Bellona’s experience shows that the keys to success in driving the political decision-making process forward are:
 i) a solutions-oriented, trustful partnership with progressive industrial players;
 ii) knowledge-leadership enabled by a strong capacity to produce cutting-edge analysis of key environmental, technical and economic issues of CCS deployment, and present these in a way that enables practical decision-making;
 iii) political leadership through a sustained effort to build awareness among key stakeholders and the general public, in order to create the political momentum necessary to drive decisions forward.

Bellona Environmental CCS Team will continue upon this foundation. A deployment program will further strengthen political leadership to support the deployment of CCS. Key elements of the deployment program are to create roadmaps for CCS deployment, and to engage with key stakeholders and the general public to raise awareness in selected European countries. The foundation for effective political leadership in driving the deployment of CCS forward is knowledge-leadership within key scientific aspects of CCS. The other leg of BEST is therefore an analysis program. The analysis program will drive the development of cutting-edge technical and environmental analysis of the CCS value chain, and develop innovative concepts such as carbon negative CCS.

BEST deliverables
The objective of BEST is to accelerate the deployment of environmentally sound CCS, and to contribute significantly to make CCS a commercially available technology by 2020. BEST will raise public awareness about CCS and ensure that industrial and political leaders have the information and knowledge they need to make the bold decisions that are needed to deploy CCS. The objective will be achieved by creating CCS deployment roadmaps in parallel with targeted advocacy in selected countries.

The CCS Deployment Roadmaps will be established for countries where energy production is largely based on fossil fuels and where CCS can play an important role to ensure CO2 emission reduction and energy supply security. Which countries to focus on will be decided together with partners in the BEST Leadership Forum - the steering committee of BEST where all partners are represented.

The roadmaps will present CCS value chains including mapping of sources and sinks for CO2, recommended regulations and policy actions to deploy the value chains. The roadmaps will be continuously updated based on technical, regulatory and political advances relevant for CCS and new insight developed within the analysis program of BEST.

The national CCS deployment roadmaps will form the basis for pointed advocacy in the selected countries. This advocacy will be aimed at enhancing public understanding of CCS and facilitating policy implementation for CCS deployment.

Based on Bellona’s well-established expertise in advocating the need for CCS, the BEST advocacy team will use all available tools for political campaigning:
 i) Engage in dialogue with all relevant stakeholders.
 ii) Build regional coalitions for specific CCS projects.
 iii) Cover all key CCS and climate change conferences to make the environmental case for CCS heard publicly.
 iv) Provide both technical and general information targeting all relevant national and regional media.

Relevance of BEST
Several important milestones for CCS in the EU have been achieved the last year. The European Parliament has endorsed the new directive on CO2 storage, and mechanisms for funding CCS demonstration projects have been established through the New Entrants Reserve Programme (NER) and the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR). But several challenges still remain before CCS becomes a commercially viable technology The biggest challenge is now to ensure that the directive is implemented in laws and regulations in Member States. This only adds to the challenge of financing CCS demonstration projects. The NER and EERP financing mechanisms will not cover the full cost, and funding from industry and Member States are also required to ensure that the demonstration projects are fully financed. BEST will address this challenge and contribute to successful political decisions in selected countries to accelerate CCS deployment. By doing so BEST will pave way for a commercial market for CCS and contributing to reaching GHG emission reduction targets.

The Deployment Programme

The goal of the deployment programme is to support the decision-making process necessary to accelerate the deployment of environmentally sound CCS. Roadmaps for CCS deployment will be a key element of the deployment programme as it will provide the necessary knowledge basis to engage with key stakeholders and the general public to raise awareness in selected countries.

Bellona seeks to work closely with its partners with a view to presenting comprehensive reports on the role of CCS and its roll out in key countries. ‘Roadmaps for CCS Deployment’ in specific countries will therefore be established. The studies will focus mainly on those countries where energy production is largely based on fossil fuels and where CCS can play an important role to ensure CO2 emission reduction and energy supply security.

Country selection
The BEST Leadership Forum, where all BEST partners are represented, will decide on a list of countries where BEST will establish CCS roadmaps. The initial aim is, however, to establish such roadmaps for the countries listed below.

Roadmap design strategy
Each country-specific roadmap will be delivered as a report. They will be based on existing literature and interviews with industrial stakeholders, academics and government experts. These roadmaps will be the cornerstone of BEST outreach activities. They will be carried out by BEST staff in Oslo, Brussels and each country. The roadmaps will be continuously updated throughout the BEST project.

The roadmaps will include the following:
 i) An initial mapping exercise of the state of CCS-relevant studies and politics in each country (many of which Bellona has already carried out as of September 2009).
 ii) An emission scenario for 2050 presenting the role of CCS as part of a broader climate change mitigation portfolio. This “national Bellona scenario” will be carried out in a bottom-up manner similar to the “How to combat global warming” scenario (i.e. resulting in a carbon-negative EU by 2050). These scenarios will be combined with regulatory scenarios and they will identify what regulations are needed at national and European level to reach the targeted CCS deployment.
 iii) A sketch of potential CCS value chains (from source to sink) in 2050.
 iv) Simplified techno-economic analysis of future CCS markets in the national Bellona scenario (building on existing literature and the upcoming global CCS Roadmap from the International Energy Agency, IEA). The main emphasis will be on identifying cost levels for the power and industry sectors to deploy CCS to the extent necessary – and the corresponding market opportunities for CCS technology.
 v) Recommendations for how policy makers, industry, research companies and NGOs should work together to achieve the appropriate level of CCS deployment.

II. Advocacy
Bellona is a progressive environmental pressure group. The national CCS roadmaps will provide the basis for pointed advocacy in the selected countries. This advocacy will be aimed at enhancing public understanding of CCS and facilitating policy implementation for CCS deployment. Advocacy plans will be elaborated in detail for 12 months at a time in order to adjust to political developments. The strategic directions of the advocacy programme are sketched out below.

Advocacy in the EU
Centred on Bellona’s presence in Brussels, a European team will be established to carry out advocacy in selected MS.

Based on Bellona’s well-established expertise in advocating the need for CCS, the MS advocacy team will use all available tools for political campaigning:
 i) Engage in dialogue with other environmental NGOs in the selected MS and build coalitions within civil society more broadly and, when relevant, with companies. The national Bellona scenarios for emissions will be the key platform for such dialogue.
 ii) Build regional coalitions for specific CCS projects (along the lines of Rotterdam Climate Initiative).
 iii) Cover all key CCS and climate change conferences to make the environmental case for CCS heard publicly.
 iv) Provide both technical and general information targeting all relevant national and regional media. The aim is to provide objective information about how CCS works, its challenges and opportunities, why it is needed, and how CCS fits into the wider portfolio of climate mitigation options.

Although advocacy in selected Member States is a top priority of BEST, Brussels will remain an important forum for advocacy on CCS. Advocacy towards the EU institutions will continue to achieve best public value and maximum CO2 reductions through the EU emission allowances set aside for CCS through the ETS directive, as well as CCS funding from the EU budget. Advocacy will also pursue the proposal for a CO2 emission performance standard (EPS) for EU power generation, which will act as a regulatory stick for CCS to complement the financial carrots already adopted.

Training
Nationals will be recruited from the selected MS. However, before anyone starts operating in national capitals, extensive training with Bellona in Oslo and Brussels will be delivered (on average three months in total). Some national experts have already been identified through a “CCS mapping” project undertaken May-September 2009 with consultants in Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Spain and Portugal.

Advocacy outside the EU
Bellona is also planning a substantial effort to communicate the importance of deploying environmentally sound CCS before and during the UNFCCC negotiations in Copenhagen. Cooperation of with key stakeholders in the US is also on the drawing board.

Expansion of BEST into key coal-burning countries outside the EU will be considered after roadmaps and advocacy have been well established in key EU Member States.. In the meantime, co-ordination with similar efforts outside Europe will be ensured through participation in initiatives by – in particular – the International Energy Agency, the Global CCS Institute and ClimateWorks’ CCS Commercialisation Network.

III. Information hub - The Bellona CCS web
Lack of public awareness of CCS as a tool to mitigate global warming is commonly quoted as one of the main barriers to global deployment of CCS. As an independent environmental NGO with expertise on the political, technical and environmental aspects of CCS, Bellona is uniquely positioned to play a key role in overcoming the public awareness barrier. Bellona has therefore developed the Bellona CCS Web (www.bellona.org/ccs) to serve as a global information hub for accurate information about CCS.

The Bellona CCS Web is designed to inspire the user to explore the world of CCS. The underlying rationale is that a strong support base for CCS can only be built if key stakeholders and the general public are informed about how CCS works, why it is needed and what is needed to make it happen. The CCS Web therefore provides accurate information supported by dynamic animations, figures and illustrations. The target group is the wider public, including students, politicians, civil servants, journalists and business leaders seeking information on CCS. The BEST project aims at upgrading the Bellona CCS Web and establish it as the world’s premier source of information about CCS. The web site will be improved with new and professional animations and illustrations, and the web site will be continuously updated with news and relevant information about CCS. The Bellona CCS Web is today available in English, but the top levels of the web site will also be translated to Spanish, French and German. Translation into other languages will also be considered.

Communicating CCS is challenging, and in order to ensure the highest standards of our CCS Web and advocacy in international media and communication channels, BEST will employ a fluent English speaking CCS communications officer.

Front page of the Bellona CCS Web, www.bellona.org/CCS

The analysis program

Bellona’s experience clearly shows that advocacy is most effective when it is founded on rigorous environmental, technical and socioeconomic analysis. For example, Bellona has published widely quoted analyses of the role CCS can play in achieving the needed level of emission reductions in Europe and globally, and a pioneering study of the potential for establishing a commercially viable CO2-for-EOR value chain on the Norwegian Continental Shelf . Bellona is also an integral part of European research projects, actively cooperating with the leading research institutes within key aspects of CCS.

The BEST analysis program will build on these achievements to form the knowledge foundation for a successful deployment programme. In close connection with academia and industry, the analysis program will drive the development of cutting-edge analysis within environmental impact analysis, CO2 storage safety and monitoring, energy systems analysis, policy and regulatory analysis, and effective communication of CCS. Innovative concepts such as carbon negative CCS will also be analysed in order to provide a positive, sustainable vision for CCS.

Deliverables from the analyses program will be scientific report covering recommendations on how to overcome challenges related to CCS commercialisation. The reports will be key tools for the BEST deployment programme and they will form the basis for efficient and fruitful advocacy of CCS.

I. Environmental impact analysis
Environmental impact analysis is important in order to make sure that the inevitable trade-offs between various environmental costs and benefits throughout the CCS value chain are addressed in a systematic manner.

Evaluation of environmental impacts in the BEST project will include both global and local environmental effects, and the analysis will be carried out in a life cycle perspective. For this purpose, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a powerful tool that can reveal the true GHG emission reduction potential of various CCS systems and at the same time identify other relevant environmental impacts throughout the value chain.

Several LCA of the entire value chain from fuel extraction to the ultimate sequestration of CO2 have already been carried out by the academic community. The BEST analysis programme will create a synthesis of these with the aim of providing pointers for further analysis and extract implications for deployment of CCS.

The BEST analysis programme will use the EU CCS demonstration programme as a case-study for comparison of the environmental performance (including global warming potential and energy balance) between various CCS systems. These studies will allow to identify the best processes from an environmental point of view and to decide where further research is necessary.

II. Safe CO2 storage
CCS is only an acceptable strategy to mitigate global warming if it is undertaken in a safe manner. Perceived uncertainties and ambiguities with respect to the capacity to ensure safe storage of CO2 on a large scale is a main potential barrier to broad deployment of CCS. Confidence and credibility within this field is therefore a prerequisite for an effective deployment programme.

The BEST analysis programme will expand on Bellona’s established knowledge base within CO2 storage, with particular focus on analysing and synthesising knowledge about
  i) CO2 storage capacity on a global and regional basis, including depleted oil and gas fields, saline aquifers and basalt rocks
  ii) geological trapping mechanisms that make sure that CO2 remains safely stored after its injection in the reservoir
  iii) methodology for characterization and selection of storage sites
  iv) techniques for monitoring of the storage site during and after injection
  v) remediation techniques in the case of detected leakage
  vi) environmental and health impact in case of leakage
  vii) how to communicate the concept of safe storage to decision makers and to the wider public In addition to ensuring confident and credible advocacy of CCS, this analysis forms the basis for contributing to the establishment of industry standards and guidelines for site selection, environmental impact assessments, monitoring requirements and leakage remediation.

III. Techno-economic analysis
In the 2005-report on CO2 for EOR on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) , Bellona showed how a techno-economically viable value chain for CCS could be established. This report serves as a roadmap for the effort to deploy CCS on the NCS. Upon this foundation, Bellona is a partner in the European research project ECCO, which aims to design a European value chain that links CO2 sources with CO2 storage sites.

Another important part of Bellona’s recent work has been the studies of the potential role of CCS in the wider climate change agenda . In a scientifically sound manner, this research shows that an ambitious climate policy is not feasible without large-scale deployment of CCS. Within the BEST analysis programme, Bellona will continue to develop cutting-edge analysis in the techno-economic field, including monitoring the development of new capture concepts and technologies and analysing new concepts for application of CCS.

IV. Regulatory analysis
Deployment of CCS must be driven by a combination of a carrot and a stick, and advocacy of CCS must address both these issues to be credible.

The goal of ZEP is to make CCS commercially available by 2020. In the demonstration phase up to 2020, power plants with CCS will have to carry an extra cost compared to plants without CCS, so it is important to device a carrot in the form of a financing scheme. Within the BEST analysis programme, Bellona will carry out scenario analysis of various possibilities for securing this financing within key countries and on a global basis, and publish reports with key findings.

To supplement the financial carrot, a regulatory stick is important. The most promising alternative here is to set an Emission Performance Standard – EPS. Bellona will analyse the pros and cons of various possible schemes for an EPS, and publish a report with recommendations.

V. Carbon negative CCS
In principle, biomass binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as it grows. Substituting fossil fuels and feedstocks in transportation, space heating, industry, and power generation with biomass can therefore be considered carbon neutral. Combining these biomass applications with CCS takes this one step further, creating carbon negative value chains that actually remove CO2 from the atmosphere.

This carbon negative vision for CCS is important for several reasons. First of all, carbon negative CCS play an important role in all global mitigation scenarios that actually manage to reduce emissions as much as the IPCC advocates to be able to contain global warming at maximum 2 degrees and avoid hitting global climate tipping points. For example, Bellona’s own 85 percent reduction scenario published in 2008 shows that carbon negative energy delivers 18% of the necessary reductions.

Secondly, the latest scientific observations of climate change indicate that the climate is already warming faster than the most pessimistic climate scenarios. This has led climatologists like Dr. James Hansen and colleagues to advocate a reduction of atmospheric levels of CO2 from 387 ppm at current to 350 ppm. Carbon negative CCS is one of the most promising ways to do so. Thirdly, reaching an ambitious deal on climate change is only possible if it is perceived as strengthening industrial development in poor countries. CCS in combination with biomass for energy does so by enabling the creation of a global green energy commodity market that offers developing countries an opportunity to create an export-oriented green energy industry, and with it much-needed jobs and economic development.

Some energy companies are already set to integrate biomass with CCS. Vattenfall has launched a programme to co-fire biomass with coal at their first CCS demonstration plant, the Nordjylland power plant, while RWE is planning a demonstration of micro-algae production at one of their power plants in Germany. As part of the effort to provide a positive long-term vision for CCS, BEST will support efforts like these by analysing and communicating the changes in policy and regulatory frameworks necessary to facilitate the development of carbon negative CCS.

BEST organisation

I. BEST Leadership Forum
Each of the industrial partners will be invited to have a representative in the BEST Leadership Forum, which will be lead by Frederic Hauge, President of The Bellona Foundation. The role of the forum is to give strategic direction to BEST, and guide the daily management. The forum Group will convene on a quarterly basis.

Frederic Hauge Chairman of BEST steering group, President of Bellona In 1986, Frederic Hauge established Bellona, which has facilitated concrete changes in environmental policies among political and industrial leaders in Norway and internationally. Today, Bellona is as international scientific and technology based environmental NGO. In 2007, Mr. Hauge was elected Vice Chairman of the Advisory Council for the European Commission’s Technology Platform for Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants (ZEP).

II. BEST Management
The BEST project will be lead by Derek Taylor, Director of BEST, together with Paal Frisvold, BEST Project leader. Taylor and Frisvold represent long experience and knowledge related to CCS. They will ensure a successful management of BEST and their expertise will be a guarantee for successful achievement of the BEST ambitions.

Derek Taylor Director of BEST Taylor holds a PhD in geology/geochemistry and started his career at British Petroleum before joining the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency. Since 1984 until 2009, he was with the European Commission, where for many years he was a head of unit in the field of nuclear energy and safety. Over the last few years, Taylor has focused on the security of energy supply and energy markets, where he has been advising on the environmental impacts of energy and energy policy, in particular relating to carbon emissions and climate change.

Paal Frisvold Project leader Frisvold has worked with political processes in the EU, IEA and at G8 level related to CCS for years. He has a large network, including very good connections to the European commission and European Parliament. Member of the ZEP Coordination Group. Frisvold holds a Masters Degree in International Relations from Johns Hopkins University, SAIS.

III. The BEST team
Current members of the BEST team in addition to Frederic Hauge, Derek Taylor and Paal Frisvold are listed below. In addition, the ambitious scope of BEST will require new employees with key expertise within CCS and project management. Recruitment of additional staff will commence as soon as sufficient funding is secured.

Current BEST team

	Aage Stangeland Analysis programme manager After several years working as a researcher and engineer within industry, he started working with CCS in Bellona in 2005. Dr. Stangeland is the author of most CCS studies and report from Bellona over the last years. Member of the ZEP Task Force on Technology. Dr. Stangeland has an MSc in chemical engineering and a Dr. Scient in materials science.
	Eivind Hoff Deployment programme manager Lobbyist experienced with both European and multilateral affairs. Hoff has worked for several years with trade policy, both at the Norwegian Ministry of Trade and Industry and at the WWF European Policy Office. Author of a Bellona paper on financing options for EU CCS demonstration programme. He holds an MA in European studies from the College of Europe and an LLM in public international law from the University of London.
	Bjørn Utgård Advocacy and technology expert Utgård has an MSc in Energy and Environment Engineering from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and Kyoto University, specialised on strategies for risk and reliability assessment of new carbon capture technologies. Utgård has an interdisciplinary experience within technical, economic, environmental and political aspects of CCS experience, and is an experienced advocate of action on climate change and CCS.
	Laetitia Birkeland Legal expert Birkeland has a French law degree and Master in International Private Law from the University La Sorbonne in Paris and practiced as a lawyer before she moved to Norway in 1998. In Norway, she worked several years in a Norwegian business law firm and qualified as a Norwegian lawyer before she decided to join Bellona in the end of 2007. Author of Bellona paper on the legal aspects of CCS following the adoption of the Directive on geological storage of CO2.
	Gøril Tjetland Geologist Tjetland is a geologist with a Master of Science from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. She has substantial industrial and international experience from previous positions in oil and mining companies where she has perfomed geological surveys on finding gold in Norway and oil in the Middle East. Tjetland joined the Bellona Foundation September 2009.
	Anne Karin Sæther CCS communications expert Sæther worked as a journalist in Norwegian print media and radio for several years before joining Bellona as head of information in 2006. Sæther is a member of the ZEP Task Force on Communication, and holds a Major Degree in journalism and political science from the University of Oslo.
	Svend Søyland International climate policy expert Søyland has worked for Bellona on CCS issues in the USA since 2004 and represents Bellona in the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum. He has an extensive network in US both in academia, government as well as the oil/gas and power sectors. He is also following the UNFCCC negotiations closely. Søyland holds a Cand. Polit. Degree from the universities of Bergen and Oslo.
	Jan Havlik Project coordinator Jan Havlik started to work for Bellona in 2009 as a CCS consultant. His previous position was as coordinator of the Czech Presidency of the Council of the EU, Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic. He has extended experience working with members of the European parliament and with the Czech government. He has his M.A. in European Studies from two European universities, the Charles University, Prague and Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris III.
	Hanne Berg Cortesi Research manager Hanne Berg Cortesi worked as Technical and Project Manager for Struttura Informatica S.r.l. in Italy. She has possessed several positions as manager of different plant simulation projects, e.g. in Bioelettrica S.p.A and Sotacarbo S.p.A. Several of the projects she has been leading have been aimed at studying different technologies to capture the CO2 or simulations for IGCC plants using carbon or biomass as fuel. She has her M.Sc. in Chemical Engineering and her Bachelor of Business Administration from Norway.

IV. Staffing plans
The BEST Team will expand through the project period of 2010 – 2014, and the following new positions are planned:
  - An Administrative Officer with responsibility for budget, finance and industrial relations. The Administrative officer will also fill the position as the BEST Project Coordinator.
  - Three geological and environmental experts to work on CO2 storage safety projects
  - A high level EU policy officer to facilitate the development of BEST CCS roadmaps
  - A CCS advocacy trainer with responsibility to develop and train the BEST advocacy team
  - Two communication officers to manage public communication and the continuous development of the Bellona CCS Web as a respected and attractive communication hub
  - Political and technological experts will be hired or employed in countries selected for CCS roadmap establishment. In total, 13 new experts is planned hired or employed for this task. The number of new positions to work on roadmaps will, however, depend on available funding and decisions made by the BEST Leadership Forum, but an initial analysis conclude that 13 new positions are required to establish roadmaps for the 17 countries indicated in Table 1 I the description of the Deployment Programme.
  - A Project Secretary
  - A technical expert will be employed to facilitate a Norwegian CCS Forum that will strengthen the Bellona Foundation’s position as a leading NGO on CCS in its home country New employments will require new funding prior to employment. The plan is start new employment early 2010 and to fill the majority of the vacant positions by 2012.